一枝独秀：蒙古的政治奇迹 / 达希东日布

 “一个中低收入的东北亚内陆国家-----蒙古，直至1990年民主转型为止，从未品尝过民主的滋味，却成功地巩固了其民主成果，跻身于高度民主化国家的行列。俄罗斯与原苏联加盟共和国（包括哈萨克斯坦，乌兹别克斯坦，塔吉克斯坦，土库曼斯坦，阿塞拜疆等）在1990年代实现民主突破之后不久就陷入困境，除去格鲁吉亚依然挣扎在选举民主的边缘之外，唯有蒙古一枝独秀。无论是就内在的社会经济发展水平，还是就来自周边国家的外在压力而言，蒙古本不是一片滋生民主的土壤，但目前看来，民主已经扎根在此。我们不禁要追问：为什么？”

------政治学博士，南京大学副教授，郝玲玲


“蒙古貌似并不拥有滋生和呵护民主的土壤，蒙古实则是一个成功民主化的例外。”
------美国政治学家，《民主转型原理》作者，Renske Doorenspleet


“在蒙古，1990年后的经济困境之恶化与民主制度之巩固齐头并进，充分显示出蒙古的民主化进程与经济因素的相对分离。”
-------郝玲玲

“事实上，从一开始，蒙古的民主转型就走在一个良性循环的轨道之上。自酝酿转型前夕，反对派的政治抗议活动就没有‘柏林的戏剧性和布加勒斯特的血腥’。一方面，民主派领袖和民众保持了非暴力的抗议形式，另一方面，执政党积极回应民众的要求，对游行抗议表现出容忍，并就自身的垄断执政地位做出了让步。”
-----《纽约时报》专栏作家和评论员，纪思道（Nicholas Donabet Kristof）

  二战以后的东亚，紧随日本奇葩式的经济奇迹之后，“四小龙”实现了令人瞠目结舌的高速经济成长。接下来，便是中国改革开放之后持续多年的经济高速增长，这一切都被视为“经济奇迹”。先解决温饱，再达到富裕，然后再谈人权与民主，这几乎成了战后的东亚模式。然而，蒙古国却是一个“另类”，偏要政治民主化先行，一帮“穷人”在亚洲腹地执著地实施了和平式的民主改革，被誉为“高度的民主制度”。随着近些年来蒙古经济的高速增长，以及丰富矿藏资源的开发，通向温饱与富裕的大门已经在蒙古敞开。蒙古国与众不同的发展道路，确实令人吃惊。蒙古人，在亚洲创造了另一种奇迹-----“政治奇迹”。这种奇迹，不仅仅让蒙古的知识精英们沾沾自喜，也让普通民众引以为豪。当酷爱炫富的中国人夸夸其谈“我们有钱！”的时候，蒙古人却不屑一顾地炫耀着另一种无价珍宝：“我们有自由！”

蒙古人的自豪感，从来都不是只用金钱来衡量的。1989年，邓小平下令武装镇压示威群众。而1990年，蒙古的共产党总书记巴特蒙赫却做出了相反的决定。面对抗议的群众，他坚决反对暴力镇压，反而向抗议者做出了退让。多年以后，巴特蒙赫的妻子回忆起往事，对巴特蒙赫当天的举动做了如下描述。尽管时隔多年，每当读到这些平淡却温馨的文字，我相信，每个蒙古人都会感到自豪。

Batmönkh's widow later recounted: "It was March of 1990. Batmönkh was sitting at home, preparing for his speech to the MPRP's 8th Congress. The telephone rang, and after speaking a while he suddenly said "We few Mongolians should never make each other's noses bleed" and threw the phone away. It was not typical of him, he was a very calm person. He then said "Some leaders have come together and asked me to sign something. I'll go there and come back". He kept asking for his tie, not seeing that it was right next to him. To think about it now, he was very flustered and nervous. He went out without eating, just drinking a cup of tea at the door. I stayed at home, nervous that the protestors had clashed outside. In reality, they (others in Politburo and in authority) had asked him to sign a draft of a decree to crack down and scatter the protest outside. People who were present there later recalled that Batmönkh said "I will never sign this. We few Mongols have not yet come to the point that we will make each other's noses bleed," smacked the table, and left the room."

"He had resigned by the time he came home that evening. He didn't say what happened to me in detail. He was never a person to talk much about work. He was a very calm person," his widow said.

1988年5月 罗马尼亚总统齐奥塞斯库访问蒙古
右一：巴特蒙赫  左一：齐奥塞斯库